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Forest ecosystems have been exposed to climate change for more than 100 years, whereas the consequences on forest growth remain elusive. Based on the oldest existing experimental forest plots in Central Europe, we show that, currently, the dominant tree species Norway spruce and European beech exhibit significantly faster tree growth (+32 to 77%), stand volume growth (+10 to 30%) and standing stock accumulation (+6 to 7%) than in 1960. Stands still follow similar general allometric rules, but proceed more rapidly through usual trajectories. As forest stands develop faster, tree numbers are currently 17–20% lower than in past same-aged stands. Self-thinning lines remain constant, while growth rates increase indicating the stock of resources have not changed, while growth velocity and turnover have altered. Statistical analyses of the experimental plots, and application of an ecophysiological model, suggest that mainly the rise in temperature and extended growing seasons contribute to increased growth acceleration, particularly on fertile sites.
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140912/ncomms5967/full/ncomms5967.html

 

The scientists identified a series of plots with trees at different stages of growth and found that both young and old trees were showing increased growth rates. More than 90 per cent of the tree groups had grown by between two and four times faster than the scientists had predicted from estimates of the long-term rates of growth.

The scientists said that if the trees had grown as quickly throughout their lives as they had shown in recent years they would be much larger than they are now. They based their conclusions on 250,000 measurements taken over more than 20 years.
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/global-warming-makes-trees-grow-at-fastest-rate-for-200-years-1886342.html

However, the effects of global warming — rising temperatures, higher rainfall, and an atmosphere richer in carbon dioxide — have created a “fertilization effect” which has accelerated the growth of trees, especially in the high-latitude forests that cover much of Canada, Russia and Europe.
http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/forest-growth-accelerating-in-b-c-due-to-carbon-dioxide-fertilizer-effect

 

Publicidade

Postado (editado)

Novamente....

 

Spoiler

Extraordinária explicação sobre o aquecimento global:

http://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-whats-warming-the-world/

2 Textos do Fábio "Lugar" sobre o assunto (EXCELENTES):
http://migre.me/gjF1U
http://migre.me/gjF0R

Skeptical Science (refutações mastigadas aos argumentos dos negadores):
http://www.skepticalscience.com/

Subida dos oceanos: http://migre.me/rtjej
Derretimento (e congelamento) desigual da Antártica:
http://migre.me/rtjfc
http://migre.me/rtjfz
http://migre.me/rtjgg
Organização que monitora diariamente o gelo Ártico: http://nsidc.org/
Sobre a anomalia no Ártico em 2013: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/
Origem do nome Groenlândia:
http://migre.me/gkBy8
http://migre.me/gkByT
http://migre.me/gkBz8
Explicações sobre o efeito estufa (não há um artigo científico que demonstre a existência do efeito estufa, porque isso é tão básico que é como esperar um artigo que demonstre a gravidade):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect

http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080131/full/news.2008.545.html

Experimento que demonstra que o CO2 é um gás estufa:

Composição da atmosfera: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

História da composição da atmosfera terrestre: http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C01/E4-03-08-02.pdf

Ozônio e a recente redução do buraco, como previsto: http://www.livescience.com/27049-ozone-hole-shrinks-record-low.html

Serviço que monitora o buraco da ozonosfera: http://www.gmes-stratosphere.eu/
Artigo que descobriu que os CFCs prejudicavam a formação do ozônio: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v249/n5460/abs/249810a0.html

Junho foi (de novo) o mais quente da história:

http://www.observatoriodoclima.eco.br/junho-foi-de-novo-o-mais-quente-da-historia/

Amazônia influencia o clima:

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10533-011-9580-4

http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2011JCLI4189.1

http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/4397/2014/acp-14-4397-2014-discussion.html

Bactérias em nuvens:

http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/5677/2012/acp-12-5677-2012.html

Página do INPE: http://www.inpe.br/
Site da Organização Meteorológica Mundial: http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html
Site do IPCC: http://www.ipcc.ch/
Isótopo de carbono dos combustíveis fósseis é detectável na atmosfera e nos oceanos:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JD089iD07p11731/abstract

http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/16269

Sobre o Sol:

http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/predict.shtml

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117705004631

http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00165465

http://www.apolo11.com/atividade_solar.php

Algumas das revisões independentes feitas sobre os emails do "climategate" concluindo que não houve manipulação de dados:

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228975/7934.pdf

http://www.uea.ac.uk/documents/3154295/7847337/SAP.pdf/a6f591fc-fc6e-4a70-9648-8b943d84782b

http://www.cce-review.org/pdf/FINAL REPORT.pdf

Relações entre o Criacionismo e o movimento de negação do AG:

https://ncse.com/news/2012/06/ncses-newton-creationism-climate-change-denial-007457

http://io9.gizmodo.com/creationists-help-climate-change-deniers-attack-scienc-1603554406

http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/voices-defending-science-link-between-creationism-and-climate-change

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/05/bill-that-encouraged-crea_n_2624341.html

Lista: maiores companhias do mundo:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue
Relógio Carbônico
http://www.apolo11.com/relogiocarbonico.php

 

 

 

Climate Myth...

There is no consensus
The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

 

 

 

Authors of seven climate consensus studies — including Naomi OreskesPeter DoranWilliam AndereggBart VerheggenEd MaibachJ. Stuart Carlton, and John Cook — co-authored a paper that should settle this question once and for all. The two key conclusions from the paper are:

1) Depending on exactly how you measure the expert consensus, it’s somewhere between 90% and 100% that agree humans are responsible for climate change, with most of our studies finding 97% consensus among publishing climate scientists.

2) The greater the climate expertise among those surveyed, the higher the consensus on human-caused global warming.

consensus studies

Expert consensus results on the question of human-caused global warming among the previous studies published by the co-authors of Cook et al. (2016). Illustration: John Cook.  Available on the SkS Graphics page

consensus vs expertise

Scientific consensus on human-caused global warming as compared to the expertise of the surveyed sample. There’s a strong correlation between consensus and climate science expertise. Illustration: John Cook. Available on the SkS Graphics page

Expert consensus is a powerful thing. People know we don’t have the time or capacity to learn about everything, and so we frequently defer to the conclusions of experts. It’s why we visit doctors when we’re ill. The same is true of climate change: most people defer to the expert consensus of climate scientists. Crucially, as we note in our paper:

Public perception of the scientific consensus has been found to be a gateway belief, affecting other climate beliefs and attitudes including policy support.

That’s why those who oppose taking action to curb climate change have engaged in a misinformation campaign to deny the existence of the expert consensus. They’ve been largely successful, as the public badly underestimate the expert consensus, in what we call the “consensus gap.” Only 16% of Americans realize that the consensus is above 90%.

Lead author John Cook explaining the team’s 2016 consensus paper.

The Consensus Project

The 2016 paper was a follow-up on Cook et al. (2013).  This was a survey of over 12,000 peer-reviewed climate science papers by our citizen science team at Skeptical Science has found a 97% consensus in the peer-reviewed literature that humans are causing global warming.

consensus pie chart

The Abstracts Survey

The first step of our approach involved expanding the original survey of the peer-reviewed scientific literature in Oreskes (2004).  We performed a keyword search of peer-reviewed scientific journal publications (in the ISI Web of Science) for the terms 'global warming' and 'global climate change' between the years 1991 and 2011, which returned over 12,000 papers. John Cook created a web-based system that would randomly display a paper's abstract (summary).  We agreed upon definitions of possible categories: explicit or implicit endorsement of human-caused global warming, no position, and implicit or explicit rejection (or minimization of the human influence).

Our approach was also similar to that taken by James Powell, as illustrated in the popular graphic below.  Powell examined nearly 14,000 abstracts, searching for explicit rejections of human-caused global warming, finding only 24.  We took this approach further, also looking at implicit rejections, no opinions, and implicit/explicit endorsements.

powell pie

We took a conservative approach in our ratings. For example, a study which takes it for granted that global warming will continue for the foreseeable future could easily be put into the implicit endorsement category; there is no reason to expect global warming to continue indefinitely unless humans are causing it. However, unless an abstract included (either implicit or explicit) language about the cause of the warming, we categorized it as 'no position'.

Note that John Cook also initiated a spinoff from the project with a survey of climate blog participants re-rating a subset of these same abstracts.  However, this spinoff is not a part of our research or conclusions.

The Team

A team of Skeptical Science volunteers proceeded to categorize the 12,000 abstracts – the most comprehensive survey of its kind to date.  Each paper was rated independently at least twice, with the identity of the other co-rater not known. A dozen team members completed most of the 24,000+ ratings.  There was no funding provided for this project; all the work was performed on a purely voluntary basis.

Once we finished the 24,000+ ratings, we went back and checked the abstracts where there were disagreements. If the disagreement about a given paper couldn't be settled by the two initial raters, a third person acted as the tie-breaker.

The volunteers were an internationally diverse group. Team members' home countries included Australia, USA, Canada, UK, New Zealand, Germany, Finland, and Italy.

The Self-Ratings

As an independent test of the measured consensus, we also emailed over 8,500 authors and asked them to rate their own papers using our same categories.  The most appropriate expert to rate the level of endorsement of a published paper is the author of the paper, after all.  We received responses from 1,200 scientists who rated a total of over 2,100 papers. Unlike our team's ratings that only considered the summary of each paper presented in the abstract, the scientists considered the entire paper in the self-ratings.

The 97% Consensus Results

Based on our abstract ratings, we found that just over 4,000 papers expressed a position on the cause of global warming, 97.1% of which endorsed human-caused global warming. In the self-ratings, nearly 1,400 papers were rated as taking a position, 97.2% of which endorsed human-caused global warming.

We found that about two-thirds of papers didn't express a position on the subject in the abstract, which confirms that we were conservative in our initial abstract ratings.  This result isn't surprising for two reasons: 1) most journals have strict word limits for their abstracts, and 2) frankly, every scientist doing climate research knows humans are causing global warming. There's no longer a need to state something so obvious. For example, would you expect every geological paper to note in its abstract that the Earth is a spherical body that orbits the sun?

This result was also predicted by Oreskes (2007), which noted that scientists

"...generally focus their discussions on questions that are still disputed or unanswered rather than on matters about which everyone agrees"

However, according to the author self-ratings, nearly two-thirds of the papers in our survey do express a position on the subject somewhere in the paper.

We also found that the consensus has strengthened gradually over time. The slow rate reflects that there has been little room to grow, because the consensus on human-caused global warming has generally always been over 90% since 1991. Nevertheless, in both the abstract ratings and self-ratings, we found that the consensus has grown to about 98% as of 2011.

consensus over time

Percentage of papers endorsing the consensus among only papers that express a position endorsing or rejecting the consensus.  From Cook et al. (2013).

Our results are also consistent with previous research finding a 97% consensus amongst climate experts on the human cause of global warming.  Doran and Zimmerman (2009) surveyed Earth scientists, and found that of the 77 scientists responding to their survey who are actively publishing climate science research, 75 (97.4%) agreed that "human activity is a significant contributing factor in changing mean global temperatures."  Anderegg et al. (2010) compiled a list of 908 researchers with at least 20 peer-reviewed climate publications.  They found that:

"≈97% of self-identified actively publishing climate scientists agree with the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change]"

In our survey, among scientists who expressed a position on AGW in their abstract, 98.4% endorsed the consensus.  This is greater than 97% consensus of peer-reviewed papers because endorsement papers had more authors than rejection papers, on average.  Thus there is a 97.1% consensus in the peer-reviewed literature, and a 98.4% consensus amongst scientists researching climate change.

Why is this Important?

Several studies have shown that people who correctly perceive the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming are more likely to support government action to curb greenhouse gas emissions. This was most recently shown in McCright et al. (2013), recently published in the journal Climatic Change. People will defer to the judgment of experts, and they trust climate scientists on the subject of global warming.

However, research has also shown that the public is misinformed on the climate consensus.  For example, a 2012 poll from US Pew Research Center found less than half of Americans thought that scientists agreed that humans were causing global warming.  One contributor to this misperception is false balance in the media, particularly in the US, where most climate stories are "balanced" with a "skeptic" perspective.  However, this results in making the 3% seem much larger, like 50%. In trying to achieve "balance", the media has actually created a very unbalanced perception of reality. As a result, people believe scientists are still split about what's causing global warming, and therefore there is not nearly enough public support or motivation to solve the problem.

consensus gap

Such false balance has long been the goal of a dedicated misinformation campaign waged by the fossil fuel industry.  Just as one example, in 1991 Western Fuels Association conducted a $510,000 campaign whose primary goal was to "reposition global warming as theory (not fact)."  These vested interests have exploited the media desire to appear "balanced."

Open Access for Maximum Transparency

We chose to submit our paper to Environmental Research Letters because it is a well-respected, high-impact journal, but also because it offers the option of making a paper available by open access, meaning that for an up-front fee, the paper can be made free for anybody to download. This was important to us, because we want our results to be as accessible and transparent as possible.

To pay the open access fee, in keeping with the citizen science approach, we asked for donations from Skeptical Science readers. We received over 50 donations in less than 10 hours to fully crowd-fund the $1,600 open access cost.

Human-Caused Global Warming

We fully anticipate that some climate contrarians will respond by saying "we don't dispute that humans cause some global warming." First of all, there are a lot of people who do dispute that there is a consensus that humans cause any global warming. Our paper shows that their position is not supported in the scientific literature.

Second, we did look for papers that quantify the human contribution to global warming, and most are not that specific. However, as noted above, if a paper minimized the human contribution, we classified that as a rejection. For example, if a paper were to say "the sun caused most of the global warming over the past century," that would be included in the less than 3% of papers in the rejection categories.

Many studies simply defer to the expert summary of climate science research put together by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which states that most of the global warming since the mid-20th century has been caused by humans. According to recent research, that statement is actually too conservative.

Of the papers that specifically examine the human and natural causes of global warming, virtually all conclude that humans are the dominant cause over the past 50 to 100 years.

attribution 50 yr

Net human and natural percent contributions to the observed global surface warming over the past 50-65 years.  The studies are Tett et al. 2000 (T00, dark blue), Meehl et al. 2004 (M04, red), Stone et al. 2007 (S07, green), Lean and Rind 2008 (LR08, purple), Huber and Knutti 2011 (HK11, light blue), Gillett et al. 2012 (G12, orange), Wigley and Santer 2012 (WG12, dark green), Jones et al. 2013 (J13, pink), IPCC AR5 (IPCC, light green), and Ribes et al. 2016 (R16, light purple).  The numbers in this summary are best estimates from each study; uncertainty ranges can be found in the original research.

Most studies simply accept this fact and go on to examine the consequences of this human-caused global warming and associated climate change.

Another important point is that once you accept that humans are causing global warming, you must also accept that global warming is still happening; humans cause global warming by increasing the greenhouse effect, and our greenhouse gas emissions just keep accelerating. This ties in to our previous posts noting that global warming is accelerating; but that over the past decade, most of that warming has gone into the oceans (including the oft-neglected deep oceans). If you accept that humans are causing global warming, as over 97% of peer-reviewed scientific papers do, then this conclusion should not be at all controversial. With all this evidence for human-caused global warming, it couldn't simply have just stopped, so the heat must be going somewhere.  Scientists have found it in the oceans.

Spread the Word

Awareness of the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming is a key factor in peoples' decisions whether or not to support action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.  However, there is a gap here due to the public's lack of awareness of the consensus.  Thus it's critical that we make people aware of these results.  To that end, design and advertising firm SJI Associates generously created a website pro-bono, centered around the results of our survey.  The website can be viewed at TheConsensusProject.com, and it includes a page where relevant and useful graphics like the one at the top of this post can be shared.  You can also follow The Consensus Project on Twitter @ConsensusProj.

Quite possibly the most important thing to communicate about climate change is that there is a 97% consensus amongst the scientific experts and scientific research that humans are causing global warming. Let's spread the word and close the consensus gap.

 

 

https://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-scientific-consensus-advanced.htm

 

 

Climate Myth...

It's cooling
"In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning. No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the contrary. And this means that the projections of future climate are unreliable."

 

 
 

To say we're currently experiencing global cooling overlooks one simple physical reality - the land and atmosphere are only one small fraction of the Earth's climate (albeit the part we inhabit). Global warming is by definition global. The entire planet is accumulating heat due to an energy imbalance. The atmosphere is warming. Oceans are accumulating energy. Land absorbs energy and ice absorbs heat to melt. To get the full picture on global warming, you need to view the Earth's entire heat content.

Church et al 2011 extends the analysis of Murphy 2009 which calculated the Earth's total heat content through to 2003. This new research combines measurements of ocean heat, land and atmosphere warming and ice melting to find that our climate system continued to accumulate heat through to 2008.

Total_Heat_Content_2011_med.jpg
Figure 1: Total amount of heat from global warming that has accumulated in Earth's climate system from 1962 to 2008, from Church et al. (2011).  Also see this graphic that shows the ocean heating in two layers, 0-700 meters and 700-2000 meters deep.

A look at the Earth's total heat content clearly shows global warming has continued past 1998. So why do surface temperature records show 1998 as the hottest year on record? Figure 1 shows the heat capacity of the land and atmosphere are small compared to the ocean (the tiny brown sliver of "land + atmosphere" also includes the heat absorbed to melt ice). Hence, relatively small exchanges of heat between the atmosphere and ocean can cause significant changes in surface temperature.

In 1998, an abnormally strong El Nino caused heat transfer from the Pacific Ocean to the atmosphere. Consequently, we experienced above-average surface temperatures. Conversely, the last few years have seen moderate La Nina conditions which had a cooling effect on global temperatures. And the last few months have swung back to warmer El Nino conditions. This has coincided with the warmest June-August sea surface temperatures on record. This internal variation where heat is shuffled around our climate is the reason why surface temperature is such a noisy signal.

Figure 1 also underscores just how much global warming the planet is experiencing. Since 1970, the Earth's heat content has been rising at a rate of 6 x 1021 Joules per year. In more meaningful terms, the planet has been accumulating energy at a rate of 190,260 gigawatts. Considering a typical nuclear power plant has an output of 1 gigawatt, imagine 190,000 nuclear power plants pouring their energy output directly into our oceans. Our climate is still accumulating heat. Global warming is still happening.

Moreover, even if we focus exclusively on surface and lower atmosphere temperatures, the warming continues.  Foster and Rahmstorf (2011) used multiple linear regression to filter out the effects of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and solar and volcanic activity (Figure 2), and found that the underlying global surface and lower atmosphere warming trends have remained very steady in recent years (Figure 3).

before/after filtering

Figure 2: Five datasets of global surface temperature and lower troposphere temperature are shown before and after removing the short-term effects of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), solar variability, and volcanic aerosols.  A 12-month running average was applied to each dataset.

figure 8

Figure 3: Average of all five data sets (GISS, NCDC, HadCRU, UAH, and RSS) with the effects of ENSO, solar irradiance, and volcanic emissions removed (Foster and Rahmstorf 2011)

intermediate rebuttal written by LarryM

 

http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-cooling-intermediate.htm

 

Neste link você encontra 193 mitos sobre o aquecimento global, e 193 respostas científicas.

Você ainda tem a opção de ler a resposta do nível básico até o avançado.

http://www.skepticalscience.com/argument.php

Tudo que o Frango postou já foi refutado.

 

Guia prático: como negar teorias científicas e criar conspirações:

http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denial

 

Edit: Não vou continuar essa discussão, já postei todos os dados que tinha que postar.

Editado por Faabs
Postado (editado)

o frango é tão desonesto que já disutimos sobre drogas, ele quem usa e eu não e ele sabe disso hahah

eu sou contra o uso porque sei que faz mal, mas a favor da liberação... porque não posso controlar condutas alheias que não me afetam

 

e ele só esqueceu de falar que entre nós,  é ele quem usa, e não eu ahahah, enquanto ele é a  favor da proibição, é hilário

 

 

a grande diferença entre onde o estado pode se meter e onde não pode, é se a conduta afeta negativamente inocentes ou não, aí vc provou o quanto está perdido e nao consegue pensar por si próprio

 

as condutas que vcs querem controlar são individuais e não afetam ninguém além das partes envolvidas, homens dando o anus pra outros homens,

as condutas que inteligentes querem controlar são as que afetam os direitos de outros individuos,

vida, propriedade e liberdade

 

assassinato, roubo, pois ferem os direitos básicos dos outros

a poluição afeta a saúde, que aumenta a chance de doenças e causa morte prematura, isso afeta diretamente o direito a vida

 

 

mas de novo virá com ataques pessoais, porque "da boca fala o que está cheio o coração"

 

a esquerda se apropriar de qualquer coisa não a torna imediatamente ruim, a intervenção estatal exagerada  é ruim, a falta de liberalismo economico é ruim, o gasto publico descontrolado é ruim, as bolsas sem contrapartida são ruins, existem mil coisas ruins na esquerda, principalmente em economia...

 

agora quando a esquerda está apenas defendendo os direitos básicos, ser contra isso é apenas não saber pensar por si próprio...

 

engraçado vc falar da marina enquanto defendia Aécio, os dois são esquerdas hahahha,  PSDB é esquerda, sempre foi esquerda

 

sua desonestidade me espanta, lembrei do dia que vc defendeu que o lula pagou a dívida externa hahahha...  vc inha um potencial imenso, não sei como se perdeu tanto... boa sorte aí

 

 

 

Editado por planeta
Postado (editado)
9 horas atrás, FrangoEctomorfo disse:

Falou o cara que enche o cu de drogas. Quem é mesmo o maluco? #hipocrisia

hahahah que engraçado isso, acuse do que vc é

 

extamente a estratégia da esquerda...

o super cristão defensor de religião, que ao mesmo tempo partcipa em adultérios... me chamando de hipócrita haha

 

 

qualquer outra sua resposta eu não vou responder,  não porque eu não tenha resposta, longe disso

mas porque vc é desonesto e não busca a verdade, apenas quer sair por cima, parece mulher hahhaha

Editado por planeta
Postado
6 minutos atrás, planeta disse:

hahahah que engraçado isso, acuse do que vc é

 

extamente a estratégia da esquerda...

o super cristão defensor de religião, que ao mesmo tempo partcipa em adultérios... me chamando de hipócrita haha

 

 

qualquer outra sua resposta eu não vou responder,  não porque eu não tenha resposta, longe disso

mas porque vc é desonesto e não busca a verdade, apenas quer sair por cima, parece mulher hahhaha

 

Não respondeu meus argumentos. Listo apenas três:

1. Pq vc vota na Marina (maior líder da esquerda na atualidade, segundo pesquisas)?

2. Pq vc acha que a esquerda mente quando fala que vai ajudar os pobres mas acredita que ela fala a verdade quando fala que vai ajudar o meio-ambiente?

3. Pq vc não vende o seu carro e anda de bicicleta?

 

Chamou de reaça, de mulher, de desonesto, acusou de participar de adultérios, de não buscar a verdade, etc. Fez escândalo histérico mas não respondeu racionalmente nenhum argumento. Quem é que parece mulher? ;)

 

Capitão drogueta.

Postado (editado)

Uma coisa que eu näo entendo é quando algum ser que se diz liberal posiciona-se contra a liberalizacäo do comércio de estupefacientes.

Editado por Torf
Postado (editado)

Torf botou fogo no tópico 

 

O cara é o rei das tretas AEUHUHEAUEHEUE

Editado por GhostGainer

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